{"id":642,"date":"2018-09-23T10:54:44","date_gmt":"2018-09-23T10:54:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.basilioparedes.com\/?p=642"},"modified":"2021-01-29T22:49:03","modified_gmt":"2021-01-29T20:49:03","slug":"hive","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.basilioparedes.com\/en\/blog\/colmena\/","title":{"rendered":"Kowloon Walled City"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This post will discuss the human settlement with the highest population density in history, Kowloon Fortress or Kowloon Walled City.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kowloon the city of darkness<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n


When it was demolished in 1993 it had 500 buildings and 50,000 inhabitants in an area of 2.6 hectares.
Approximately 1,923,077 inhabitants per square kilometer. Making a comparison, my city, Murcia (Spain) has an area of 881.86 km2 and a population of 443,243 inhabitants in 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If Murcia had the population density of Kowloon, 1 695 884 683 inhabitants could live in it. Almost a quarter of the world population.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Architectural section ( Kowloon large illustrated (1997), Iwanami Shoten)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

History of the Kowloon Fort<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

But to understand how this extreme of overpopulation was reached, one must understand the history of the place. Behind the Opium Wars<\/a><\/strong> In 1842, Great Britain forced the Qing Empire to cede Hong Kong Island to it for the Treaty of Nanking<\/em>. After this the Chinese administration reinforced the Kowloon fort with the aim of keeping watch over the English from Hong Kong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1898 after the Chinese defeat against Japan, the United Kingdom took advantage of the situation to extend the Hong Kong colony with the excuse of the insecurity of mainland China. This was signed in Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory<\/em>. Leasing the Kowloon Peninsula to China for 99 Years<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, 1898

<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The treaty excluded the walled city that became an exclave of the Qing Empire in the British colony. Allowing these to maintain a Chinese detachment and a population of 600 people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Kowloon Fortress in 1898

<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The beginning of the century<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Qing Empire in the early 20th century was in crisis, the Sino-Japanese war, the Unequal Treaties and the Boxer Rebellion had sunk the reputation of Imperial power. In 1908 Empress Cixi died and the last emperor of the Qing Empire, Puyi, who was only two years old, ascended the throne. The fate of the Empire was already sealed, in 1911 the Xinhai Revolution broke out, leading to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The young Republic of China was an absolute chaos being in practice governed by warlords who fought for power against each other. In these conditions the garrison abandoned the Kowloon fortress and was occupied by the English who administered it as part of Hong Kong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fortress then became a tourist attraction in Hong Kong, being called China Town, since it kept the walls and the Yamen (barracks) in good condition. In addition, a school and several houses were established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Kowloon in the 30s of the 20th century<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

After the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in December 1941, the fortress walls were demolished to use its stones to expand the Kai Tak airport. The area was practically devastated at the end of the contest. After the World War, the Republic of China claimed the exclave. In China, civil war broke out between the nationalists of the Kuomintang, the hegemonic party in the Republic until then, and the Chinese communists. As the conflict progressed, the nationalists had to withdraw to Taiwan and 2,000 refugees settled in Kowloon fleeing the war. The British attempted to expel them in 1948 but soon gave up preferring not to intervene thereafter. The war ended in China in 1949 and the People's Republic of China was proclaimed. Which did not maintain diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The origin of the most densely populated settlement in history<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

All these circumstances led to the city of Kowloon starting to grow rapidly in the 1950s in the heat of Hong Kong's economic development. On the one hand, it belonged jurisdictionally to the Republic of China that had been reduced to Taiwan, which ignored the matter having other more pressing problems. But on the other hand, it housed a large number of Hong Kong workers without having to live in the colony, this avoided the English any responsibility towards them, since they lived de jure<\/em> in other country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This generated the circumstance that everything that happened in Kowloon was outside the laws of any country, with no taxes or police or state. A power and organization hole that was soon occupied by the Triads, local organized crime organizations that took over. It was only during a 1959 trial for a murder that occurred within the walled city that the Hong Kong government was found to have jurisdiction there in the fight against crime, although in practice the police only acted in extreme situations that caused social alarm.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The economic expansion of the 60s of the 20th century led to the construction of modular buildings on top of existing buildings, reaching the limit of 14 floors by the Hong Kong authorities due to its proximity to the airport. The constructions were carried out by the neighbors, since a large part of them were construction workers. Literally was builded buildings on top of buildings and was jacketing the pillars that were cracking due to excess weight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Kowloon
Facade of the Walled City of Kowloon <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kowloon's heyday<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The city reached its maximum development in the late 70s of the 20th century, being practically an extrusion of the site. The streets were barely more than a meter wide and the inhabitants built a network of passageways and stairs that allowed them to move from one end to the other without stepping on the ground. It was practically a vertical city with houses, restaurants, clandestine workshops, opium dens and brothels. An organized crime city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Kowloon Street. For security reasons the facilities were always in view.
\u00a9 Greg Girard. All rights reserved.
<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

It is striking that in the absence of regulations, unwritten laws were improvised, a rule among the neighbors was to always leave the facilities in view, in order to quickly stop possible fires or pipe breaks, given the absence of emergency exits. On the other hand, the narrowness of the streets and the intricacy of the buildings made the garbage accumulate. The problem became so uncontrolled that they had to put a net over the temple so that no more garbage would fall on it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Network over the Tin Hau temple built in 1951, the city grew to bury it.
\u00a9 Greg Girard. All rights reserved.

<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
The cannons of the old fortress <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polis of organized crime<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Although crime decreased as the 80s of the 20th century were reached, the city was abuzz with illegal activities. Hundreds of unlicensed dentists and doctors are striking, given that healthcare was very expensive in Hong Kong. Although not all the inhabitants were engaged in illegal activities, the vast majority worked as workers in Hong Kong or had small businesses.

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Kowloon
Kowloon Cybercafe Kawasaki<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

But at the end of the 20th century the existence of the city of Kowloon was sealed, the British Government agreed to the cession of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China, in exchange for certain political guarantees for the territory. The mutual decision of the two governments to tear down the walled city was announced on January 14, 1987. Residents were compensated and the city was demolished between 1993 and 1994. Before said demolition, a group of Japanese architects carried out planimetry of the complex, that they published in 1996 in the book  Kowloon large illustrated<\/em> (ISBN-10:<\/strong> 4000080709), from which the section at the beginning of the post is taken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
The Dark City, Life in the Walled City of Kowloon, Greg Girard and Ian Lambot
Click to enlarge
<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The end<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Following demolition, the space once occupied by the Kowloon fortress was converted from the site to a garden, restoring the ancient yamen and conducting archaeological excavations. Currently there is a memorial sculpture of the demolished buildings.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Kowloon memorial
<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Ruins of the south gate in the Kowloon garden, the stone stelles were originally at the gates of the fortress.

<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
South Gate of the Fortress at the end of the 19th century<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

* Images not marked with copywright belong to Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n\n\n

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\n 5\/5 - (1 vote) <\/div>\n <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

En este post se tratar\u00e1 el asentamiento humano con mayor densidad de poblaci\u00f3n de la historia, la Fortaleza de Kowloon o Ciudad amurallada de Kowloon. Kowloon la ciudad de la oscuridad Cuando fue demolida en 1993 tenia 500 edificios y 50 000 habitantes en un \u00e1rea de 2.6 hect\u00e1reas. Aproximadamente […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":646,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[30,52,53,51,50,49,48],"class_list":["post-642","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arquitectura","tag-arquitectura","tag-china","tag-city-of-darkness","tag-ciudad-vertical","tag-hong-kong","tag-kowloon","tag-urbanismo"],"yoast_head":"\nLa fortaleza de Kowloon - Basilio Paredes Arquitectura y Dise\u00f1o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Colmena tratar\u00e1 el asentamiento humano con mayor densidad de poblaci\u00f3n de la historia, la Fortaleza de Kowloon.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, nofollow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.basilioparedes.com\/en\/blog\/hive\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La fortaleza de Kowloon\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Colmena tratar\u00e1 el asentamiento humano con mayor densidad de poblaci\u00f3n de la historia, la Fortaleza de Kowloon.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.basilioparedes.com\/en\/blog\/hive\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Basilio Paredes Arquitectura y Dise\u00f1o\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pqbasileus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-09-23T10:54:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-01-29T20:49:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.basilioparedes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/KWC_-_1989_Aerial-e1589489073247.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"773\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Basilio\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@pqbasileus\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@pqbasileus\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Basilio\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"ScholarlyArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.basilioparedes.com\\\/blog\\\/colmena\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.basilioparedes.com\\\/blog\\\/colmena\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Basilio\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.basilioparedes.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ab0967679115289b1805cc8e948dd931\"},\"headline\":\"La fortaleza de Kowloon\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-09-23T10:54:44+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-01-29T20:49:03+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.basilioparedes.com\\\/blog\\\/colmena\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1457,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.basilioparedes.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.basilioparedes.com\\\/blog\\\/colmena\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.basilioparedes.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/KWC_-_1989_Aerial-e1589489073247.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Arquitectura\",\"China\",\"City of darkness\",\"Ciudad vertical\",\"Hong Kong\",\"Kowloon\",\"Urbanismo\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Arquitectura\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.basilioparedes.com\\\/blog\\\/colmena\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.basilioparedes.com\\\/blog\\\/colmena\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.basilioparedes.com\\\/blog\\\/colmena\\\/\",\"name\":\"La fortaleza de Kowloon - 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